Overview of Fisheries Data Collection (Capture Fisheries) in Coastal and Inland Small-scale Fisheries in Indonesia

By: Regi F. Anggawangsa & Sakimin Suprapto

Paper presented at SEAFDEC Regional Workshop on the Effective of Fisheries Information Gathering in Coastal Small-Scale and Inland Fisheries

for Southeast Asian Region, Bangkok, 28-30 January 2013

Introduction

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic states in the world. With 17,500 islands and 95,181 km long coastline, Indonesia has the potential for considerable coastal resources. Besides that, the size of the inland waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs and floodplains) also made the potential for fish resources in inland waters are also quite large. Geographically, Indonesia waters which lies between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean with an area of ​​5.8 million km², has a non-homogeneous environment, the character of fish resources and the fisheries typologies are also different, have implications for management planning techniques (Nurhakim et al., 2007). There are several types of Indonesian waters: territorial waters, Indonesian Economic Exclusive Zone and high seas. The territorial waters have considerable potential with 95,181 km long of coastal line and 6.52 million ton/year of fish resources. For the fisheries management, Indonesian waters were divided into 11 Fisheries Management Areas (FMA) based on environmental condition, characteristic of fish resources, fisheries typology, and also to simplify monitoring, controlling, surveillance and determine fish stock (Figure 1).

Meanwhile, inland water also has an important role to the fisheries. The potential fish resources of inland water are about 3 million ton/year which derived from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and floodplains. Large number of freshwater fish was exploited by local fisherman each year, most of all only for their daily needs (artisanal fisheries).

Figure 1. Fisheries Management Areas in Indonesia (FMA)

Overview of Indonesian fisheries

As a tropical country, Indonesia has large potential of fish resources with so many species of fish. Large number of fisherman cause the development of fishing gear and fishing technique to catch fish more effective, so there are many types of fishing gear used by fisherman to catch fish in Indonesia waters. Depend on both problems, multi-species and multi-gear approach should be used to manage fisheries in Indonesia.

For planning purpose, Indonesia's marine fisheries sector is divided into small, medium and large-scale subsectors. A clear distinction based on investment cost separates the small-scale subsector from other two. Both medium and large-scale fisheries are distinguished from the small-scale fishery by use of boats powered by inboard engines. Nevertheless, large-scale fisheries are differentiated from medium-scale fisheries on the basis of investment levels and areas in which they are permitted to operate (Sumiono, 1999).

There are a lot of fishing boats operated in all Indonesia, according to Indonesia Fisheries Statistic Data there were about 742,369 fishing boat in Indonesia consisting of 570,827 marine fishing boat and 171,542 inland waters fishing boat. Fishing boat divided into four types depends on the type of the vessel: without boat, non-powered boat, outboard motor and inboard motor. Figure 2 showed that from the year 2000 to 2010 fishing boat were dominated by outboard motor, non powered boat and fishing without boat which is about 80% of total fishing boat, it indicated that most of fisheries in Indonesia are small scale fisheries. As well as the size of fishing vessel were dominated by small vessel (< 5 GT), medium and large vessel only about 10% of total vessel (Figure 3). According to Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. PER.05/MEN/2008, fishing activities undertaken by small fisher and/or fisher which has a non-motorized fishing boats or motorized outside or motor in size under 5 (five) GT has no obligation to make fishing permit. Consequently, most of fisher in Indonesia do not have obligation to report their fishing activities.

 

Figure 2. Proportion of fishing vessel by the type of vessel 2000-2010

Figure 3. Proportion of fishing vessel by the size of vessel

 Many species of fish, shrimp and other marine life in Indonesia with different behavior and characteristic also require different fishing tools and technologies (Subani & Barus, 1989). According to Sainsbury (1996), many factors enter into the choice of the method and gear used to catch a particular species in a particular area, principally the choice will depend on: the species being fished; individual value of the species to the fisherman; the depth of water; sea bed characteristics and selectivity required.

There are 40 types of marine fishing gear that being standard in Indonesia’s fisheries statistic book and were grouped into 9 group: gill net, purse seine, trawl, traps, hook and line, seine net, lift net, collectors and gears and other fishing gears. Meanwhile for inland waters, fishing gears were grouped into 5 groups: gill net, traps, lift net, hook and line and other which consist of 12 types of fishing gears. Most of all fishing gear operated in Indonesia are traditional and semi-traditional gears that developed by small scale fisherman. Figure 4 shows that both marine and inland waters are dominated by small scale fishing gear such as gill net and hook and line, the number both gears more than half of all fishing gear. Trawl net which is the industrial-scale fisheries only amounted to less than 1 percent of total marine fishing gear.

           

(a)

(b)

Figure 4. Proportion of fishing gear by categories: (a) Marine; (b) Inland waters

There are 91 species of fish, 11 species of shrimp, 11 species of mollucs and several species of other aquatic animals that being statistical standard classification of marine species in Indonesia, meanwhile for inland waters species there are 48 species of fish, 4 species of shrimp, 3 species of molluscs and several species of other aquatic animals including crocodiles and turtles.

In marine fisheries, there are 4 major commodities with high production and export-oriented: tunas, skipjack, eastern little tuna and shrimp (Figure 5a). All the major commodities dominated more than 20% of total production. Different from marine fisheries, the major fish commodities are common carp, Mozambique tilapia, snake head and shrimp (Figure 5b).

 (a)

(b)

Figure 5. Proportion of capture fisheries production by major commodities: (a) Marine fisheries; (b) Inland water fisheries

Table 1. Some issues on marine and inland water fisheries data

Fisheries Data Collection in Indonesia

Fisheries statistical book is one of annual report that publishes by Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries under the authority of Sub Directorate of Statistical Data, Directorate of Fish Resources - Directorate General of Capture Fisheries. It took a long time from collecting the data until it became statistical book, data from certain year will be published two years later because of the need of processing and validating. The recent statistical book is capture fisheries statistic of Indonesia 2010 that published on 2012.

The basic data were collected by fisheries officer in district/municipal level in the fishing company, landing site or sampling village that were specified before. There is a template format for statistic book that given by Directorate of Statistical Data to be filled by district and province fisheries office. Data that collected by officers are monthly data of catch and effort and then analyzed by local fisheries office into district statistical fisheries book which contain quarterly data catch and trip and annual data of household, fishing vessel and fishing gear. In the provincial level, data from several district combined by and validated became provincial statistical fisheries book were then submitted to Sub Directorate of Statistical Data. In national level, the data from 33 provinces were revalidated, combined and then published by name annual book of Indonesia fisheries statistic (Figure 6).

           

Figure 6. Schematic Diagram of Indonesia Fisheries Statistic Data

The process of getting statistic data started with identification of data that needs to collect then arrange the instrument that used to get the data such as the officer, tools and interview sheet. Next processes are data collection, data processing, data analysis and data presentation. To improve the quality of the data, Indonesia has several things undertaken such as human resources quality improvement by the way arrange training, technical assistance etc. The other thing is improve supporting facilities and infrastructure like hardware, software, internet facilities and develop Fisheries Statistic Information System (FSIS) which is electronic and internet based system. The last thing is improvement of institution and cooperation by expanding support from national, local, cross-sectoral and international agencies/stakeholders.

The fisheries statistic data helped the officer to make regulations and management measures that most appropriate to manage fisheries in all sectors. While for scientist, the statistic data used to calculate fish stock and to make policy recommendation.

Problem and Challenge

There were several problems that occurred during the process of making fisheries statistic data. Inadequate human resources are the main problem both in quantity (number of officer) and quality of officer that involved in the process. The other problem is the lack of facilities to support the process of collecting, processing, and validating and finalization data. No less important is budget constrain because it requires a lot of money to collect data from the entire sampling site in 33 provinces and 466 districts.  All those problems can lead to data quality that doubtful, not timely and inefficient data collecting and processing.

Challenges to be faced in the future in statistical fisheries data collections are how the data could be more accurate, reliable, timely and accessible. Several steps to be taken to develop fisheries statistical data are:

1.      Human resources development

2.      Facilities and infrastructure development including regulation and institutional

3.      System and methods improvement/development

4.      Networking and cooperation development (statistic center agency, local government, fisheries extension officer etc)

5.      Sustainable and sufficient financing

References

Nurhakim, S., V.PH., Nikijuluw, D. Nugroho & B.I. Prisantoso. 2007. Fisheries Management Area – Fisheries Status by Management Area. Research Center for Capture Fisheries, Jakarta. 47 p.

Directorate General of Capture Fisheries. 2012. Capture Fisheries Statistic of Indonesia, 2010. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Jakarta. 11 (1). 134 p.

Sainsbury, J.C. 1996. Commercial Fishing Methods: an introduction to vessels and gears. 3^rd Edition. Fishing News Book, Oxford. 359 p.

Subani, W and H.R. Barus, 1989. Fishing Gears for Marine Fish and Shrimp in Indonesia. Jour. of Mar. Fish.Res. (50). RIMF, Jakarta : 248p.

Sumiono, B. 1999. Fishing Activities in Relation to Commercial and Small-scale Fisheries in Indonesia. Paper presented at SEAFDEC meeting, Bangkok, October 1999.