Overview of Fisheries
Data Collection (Capture Fisheries) in Coastal and Inland Small-scale Fisheries
in Indonesia
By: Regi F. Anggawangsa & Sakimin Suprapto
Paper presented at SEAFDEC Regional Workshop on the Effective
of Fisheries Information Gathering in Coastal Small-Scale and Inland Fisheries
for Southeast Asian Region, Bangkok, 28-30 January 2013
Introduction
Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic states in the
world. With 17,500 islands and 95,181 km long coastline, Indonesia has the
potential for considerable coastal resources. Besides that, the size of the
inland waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs and floodplains) also made the
potential for fish resources in inland waters are also quite large.
Geographically, Indonesia waters which lies between the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean with an area of 5.8 million km2, has a
non-homogeneous environment, the character of fish resources and the fisheries
typologies are also different, have implications for management planning
techniques (Nurhakim et al., 2007). There are several types of Indonesian
waters: territorial waters, Indonesian Economic Exclusive Zone and high seas.
The territorial waters have considerable potential with 95,181 km long of
coastal line and 6.52 million ton/year of fish resources. For the fisheries
management, Indonesian waters were divided into 11 Fisheries Management Areas
(FMA) based on environmental condition, characteristic of fish resources,
fisheries typology, and also to simplify monitoring, controlling, surveillance
and determine fish stock (Figure 1).
Meanwhile, inland water also has an important role to the
fisheries. The potential fish resources of inland water are about 3 million
ton/year which derived from rivers, lakes, reservoirs and floodplains. Large
number of freshwater fish was exploited by local fisherman each year, most of
all only for their daily needs (artisanal fisheries).
Figure 1. Fisheries Management Areas in Indonesia (FMA) |
Overview
of Indonesian fisheries
As a tropical country, Indonesia has large potential of fish
resources with so many species of fish. Large number of fisherman cause the
development of fishing gear and fishing technique to catch fish more effective,
so there are many types of fishing gear used by fisherman to catch fish in
Indonesia waters. Depend on both problems, multi-species and multi-gear approach
should be used to manage fisheries in Indonesia.
For planning purpose, Indonesia's marine fisheries sector is
divided into small, medium and large-scale subsectors. A clear distinction based on
investment cost separates the small-scale subsector
from other two. Both medium and large-scale fisheries are distinguished from
the small-scale fishery by use of boats powered by inboard engines.
Nevertheless, large-scale fisheries are differentiated from medium-scale
fisheries on the basis of investment levels and areas in which they are
permitted to operate (Sumiono, 1999).
There
are a lot of fishing boats operated in all Indonesia, according to Indonesia
Fisheries Statistic Data there were about 742,369 fishing boat in Indonesia
consisting of 570,827 marine fishing boat and 171,542 inland waters fishing
boat. Fishing boat divided into four types depends on the type of the vessel:
without boat, non-powered boat, outboard motor and inboard motor. Figure 2
showed that from the year 2000 to 2010 fishing boat were dominated by outboard
motor, non powered boat and fishing without boat which is about 80% of total
fishing boat, it indicated that most of fisheries in Indonesia are small scale
fisheries. As well as the size of fishing vessel were dominated by small vessel
(< 5 GT), medium and large vessel only about 10% of total vessel (Figure 3).
According to Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No.
PER.05/MEN/2008, fishing activities undertaken by small fisher and/or fisher
which has a non-motorized fishing boats or motorized outside or motor in size
under 5 (five) GT has no obligation to make fishing permit. Consequently, most
of fisher in Indonesia do not have obligation to report their fishing
activities.
Figure 3. Proportion of fishing vessel by the size of vessel |
Many species of fish, shrimp and
other marine life in Indonesia with different behavior and characteristic also require
different fishing tools and technologies (Subani & Barus, 1989). According
to Sainsbury (1996), many factors enter into the choice of the method and gear
used to catch a particular species in a particular area, principally the choice
will depend on: the species being fished; individual value of the species to
the fisherman; the depth of water; sea bed characteristics and selectivity
required.
There are 40 types of marine
fishing gear that being standard in Indonesia’s fisheries statistic book and
were grouped into 9 group: gill net, purse seine, trawl, traps, hook and line,
seine net, lift net, collectors and gears and other fishing gears. Meanwhile
for inland waters, fishing gears were grouped into 5 groups: gill net, traps,
lift net, hook and line and other which consist of 12 types of fishing gears.
Most of all fishing gear operated in Indonesia are traditional and
semi-traditional gears that developed by small scale fisherman. Figure 4 shows
that both marine and inland waters are dominated by small scale fishing gear
such as gill net and hook and line, the number both gears more than half of all
fishing gear. Trawl net which is the industrial-scale fisheries only amounted
to less than 1 percent of total marine fishing gear.
(a)
(b)
Figure
4. Proportion of fishing gear by categories: (a) Marine; (b) Inland waters
There
are 91 species of fish, 11 species of shrimp, 11 species of mollucs and several
species of other aquatic animals that being statistical standard classification
of marine species in Indonesia, meanwhile for inland waters species there are
48 species of fish, 4 species of shrimp, 3 species of molluscs and several
species of other aquatic animals including crocodiles and turtles.
In marine fisheries, there are 4 major commodities with high
production and export-oriented: tunas, skipjack, eastern little tuna and shrimp
(Figure 5a). All the major commodities dominated more than 20% of total
production. Different from marine fisheries, the major fish commodities are
common carp, Mozambique tilapia, snake head and shrimp (Figure 5b).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.
Proportion of capture fisheries production by major commodities: (a) Marine
fisheries; (b) Inland water fisheries
Table 1. Some
issues on marine and inland water fisheries data
Fisheries
Data Collection in Indonesia
Fisheries
statistical book is one of annual report that publishes by Ministry of Marine
Affairs and Fisheries under the authority of Sub Directorate of Statistical
Data, Directorate of Fish Resources - Directorate General of Capture Fisheries.
It took a long time from collecting the data until it became statistical book,
data from certain year will be published two years later because of the need of
processing and validating. The recent statistical book is capture fisheries
statistic of Indonesia 2010 that published on 2012.
The
basic data were collected by fisheries officer in district/municipal level in
the fishing company, landing site or sampling village that were specified
before. There is a template format for statistic book that given by Directorate
of Statistical Data to be filled by district and province fisheries office.
Data that collected by officers are monthly data of catch and effort and then
analyzed by local fisheries office into district statistical fisheries book
which contain quarterly data catch and trip and annual data of household,
fishing vessel and fishing gear. In the provincial level, data from several
district combined by and validated became provincial statistical fisheries book
were then submitted to Sub Directorate of Statistical Data. In national level,
the data from 33 provinces were revalidated, combined and then published by
name annual book of Indonesia fisheries statistic (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Schematic Diagram of Indonesia Fisheries Statistic Data |
The process of getting statistic
data started with identification of data that needs to collect then arrange the
instrument that used to get the data such as the officer, tools and interview
sheet. Next processes are data collection, data processing, data analysis and
data presentation. To improve the quality of the data, Indonesia has several
things undertaken such as human resources quality improvement by the way
arrange training, technical assistance etc. The other thing is improve
supporting facilities and infrastructure like hardware, software, internet
facilities and develop Fisheries Statistic Information System (FSIS) which is
electronic and internet based system. The last thing is improvement of
institution and cooperation by expanding support from national, local, cross-sectoral
and international agencies/stakeholders.
The fisheries statistic data
helped the officer to make regulations and management measures that most
appropriate to manage fisheries in all sectors. While for scientist, the
statistic data used to calculate fish stock and to make policy recommendation.
Problem and Challenge
There
were several problems that occurred during the process of making fisheries
statistic data. Inadequate human resources are the main problem both in
quantity (number of officer) and quality of officer that involved in the
process. The other problem is the lack of facilities to support the process of
collecting, processing, and validating and finalization data. No less important
is budget constrain because it requires a lot of money to collect data from the
entire sampling site in 33 provinces and 466 districts. All those problems can lead to data quality
that doubtful, not timely and inefficient data collecting and processing.
Challenges to be faced in the
future in statistical fisheries data collections are how the data could be more
accurate, reliable, timely and accessible. Several steps to be taken to develop
fisheries statistical data are:
1.
Human resources development
2.
Facilities and infrastructure development including
regulation and institutional
3.
System and methods improvement/development
4.
Networking and cooperation development
(statistic center agency, local government, fisheries extension officer etc)
5.
Sustainable and sufficient financing
References
Nurhakim, S.,
V.PH., Nikijuluw, D. Nugroho & B.I. Prisantoso. 2007. Fisheries Management
Area – Fisheries Status by Management Area. Research Center for Capture
Fisheries, Jakarta. 47 p.
Directorate
General of Capture Fisheries. 2012. Capture Fisheries Statistic of Indonesia,
2010. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Jakarta. 11 (1).
134 p.
Sainsbury, J.C.
1996. Commercial Fishing Methods: an introduction to vessels and gears. 3rd
Edition. Fishing News Book, Oxford. 359 p.
Subani, W and
H.R. Barus, 1989. Fishing Gears for Marine Fish and Shrimp in Indonesia. Jour. of Mar. Fish.Res. (50). RIMF,
Jakarta : 248p.
Sumiono, B.
1999. Fishing Activities in Relation to Commercial and Small-scale Fisheries in
Indonesia. Paper presented at SEAFDEC meeting, Bangkok, October
1999.